Imyaka icumi irashize, terefone zigendanwa zisanzwe zishyigikira gusa ibipimo bike bikora mumirongo ine ya GSM yumurongo, kandi wenda bike bya WCDMA cyangwa CDMA2000. Hamwe nimirongo mike yo guhitamo guhitamo, urwego runaka rwuburinganire bwisi yose rwagezweho hamwe na terefone ya “quad-band” GSM, ikoresha imirongo ya 850/900/1800/1900 MHz kandi irashobora gukoreshwa ahantu hose kwisi (neza, byiza cyane).
Iyi ninyungu nini kubagenzi kandi ikora ubukungu bunini bwibipimo kubakora ibikoresho, bakeneye gusa gusohora moderi nkeya (cyangwa wenda imwe gusa) kumasoko yisi yose. Byihuse kugeza uyumunsi, GSM ikomeje kuba tekinoroji yonyine itagikoreshwa itanga kuzenguruka isi. Nukuvugako, niba utari ubizi, GSM igenda ikurwaho buhoro buhoro.
Smartphone iyo ari yo yose ikwiye izina igomba gushyigikira 4G, 3G na 2G hamwe nibisabwa bitandukanye bya interineti ya RF mubijyanye numuyoboro mugari, kohereza imbaraga, sensibilité yakira nibindi byinshi.
Ikigeretse kuri ibyo, bitewe nuburyo butandukanye bwogukwirakwiza kwisi yose, ibipimo bya 4G bikubiyemo umubare munini wumurongo wa radiyo, bityo abashoramari barashobora kubikoresha kumurongo uwo ariwo wose uboneka ahantu runaka - kuri ubu imirongo 50 yose hamwe, nkuko bimeze kubipimo bya LTE1. "Terefone yisi" nyayo igomba gukora muribi bidukikije byose.
Ikibazo nyamukuru radio iyo ari yo yose igomba gukemura ni "itumanaho rya duplex". Iyo tuvuga, twumva icyarimwe. Sisitemu yo hambere ya radio yakoreshaga gusunika-kuganira (bamwe baracyabikora), ariko iyo tuvuganye kuri terefone, tuba twizeye ko undi muntu yatubuza. Igisekuru cya mbere (analog) ibikoresho bya selile byakoreshaga "duplex filter" (cyangwa duplexers) kugirango yakire kumurongo utiriwe "utangara" wohereza uplink kumurongo utandukanye.
Gukora filtri ntoya kandi ihendutse byari ikibazo gikomeye kubakora terefone kare. Igihe GSM yatangizwaga, protocole yarakozwe kugirango transcevers ikore muri "half duplex mode".
Ubu bwari uburyo bwubwenge cyane bwo gukuraho duplexers, kandi byari ikintu gikomeye mu gufasha GSM kuba tekinoroji ihendutse, ikorana buhanga rishobora kuyobora inganda (no guhindura uburyo abantu bavuganaga mubikorwa).
Terefone ya ngombwa ya Andy Rubin, wavumbuye sisitemu y'imikorere ya Android, irerekana ibintu biheruka guhuza birimo Bluetooth 5.0LE, GSM / LTE zitandukanye na antenne ya Wi-Fi yihishe mu ikarito ya titanium.
Kubwamahirwe, amasomo yakuwe mugukemura ibibazo bya tekiniki yibagiwe vuba mumirwano ya tekiniki-politiki yo mu minsi ya mbere ya 3G, kandi ubu uburyo bwiganje bwo kugabana inshuro nyinshi (FDD) busaba duplexer kuri buri tsinda rya FDD ikoreramo. Ntagushidikanya ko iterambere rya LTE riza hamwe nizamuka ryibiciro.
Mugihe amatsinda amwe ashobora gukoresha Time Division Duplex, cyangwa TDD (aho radio ihinduka byihuse hagati yo kohereza no kwakira), bike muribi bibaho. Abakoresha benshi (usibye cyane cyane abanya Aziya) bahitamo urwego rwa FDD, murirwo rurenga 30.
Umurage wa TDD na FDD, ingorane zo kurekura imirongo yisi yose, hamwe no kuza kwa 5G hamwe nibindi byinshi bituma ikibazo cya duplex kirushaho kuba ingorabahizi. Uburyo butanga ikizere burimo gukorwaho iperereza burimo ibishushanyo bishya bishingiye kubushakashatsi hamwe nubushobozi bwo gukuraho kwivanga.
Iyanyuma nayo izana hamwe nuburyo butanga ibyiringiro bya "duplexless" duplex (cyangwa "in-band full duplex"). Mugihe kizaza cyitumanaho rya 5G rigendanwa, dushobora kuba tutareba gusa FDD na TDD, ahubwo tunareba duplex yoroheje ishingiye kuri tekinoroji nshya.
Abashakashatsi bo muri kaminuza ya Aalborg muri Danimarike bakoze "Smart Antenna Front End" (SAFE) imyubakire 2-3 ikoresha (reba ishusho ku rupapuro rwa 18) antenne zitandukanye zo kwanduza no kwakira no guhuza izo antenne (imikorere mike) zifatanije na Customerable gushungura kugirango ugere kubyo wifuza no kwakira wenyine.
Mugihe imikorere ishimishije, gukenera antene ebyiri ningaruka mbi. Mugihe terefone zigenda zoroha kandi zoroshye, umwanya uboneka kuri antene uragenda uba muto.
Ibikoresho bigendanwa bisaba kandi antene nyinshi zo kugwiza umwanya (MIMO). Terefone zigendanwa zifite ubwubatsi bwa SAFE hamwe na 2 × 2 MIMO inkunga isaba antene enye gusa. Mubyongeyeho, guhuza urutonde rwiyungurura na antene ni bike.
Amaterefone agendanwa kwisi yose azakenera kandi kwigana ubu buryo bwububiko kugirango akoreshe imirongo yose ya LTE (450 MHz kugeza 3600 MHz), izakenera antene nyinshi, tuneri nyinshi za antenna hamwe nayunguruzo nyinshi, ibyo bikaba bitugarura kubibazo bikunze kubazwa kubibazo ibikorwa byinshi-banda kubera kwigana ibice.
Nubwo antene nyinshi zishobora gushyirwaho muri tablet cyangwa mudasobwa igendanwa, hakenewe izindi terambere muguhindura no / cyangwa miniaturizasiya kugirango tekinoroji ikwiranye na terefone.
Amashanyarazi aringaniza duplex yakoreshejwe kuva muminsi yambere ya terefone ya telefone17. Muri sisitemu ya terefone, mikoro na terefone bigomba guhuzwa n'umurongo wa terefone, ariko bigatandukana hagati yabyo kugirango ijwi ryumukoresha ubwaryo ritumva ibimenyetso byamajwi byinjira byinjira. Ibi byagezweho hifashishijwe imashini ya Hybrid mbere yuko haza terefone za elegitoroniki.
Inzira ya duplex yerekanwe ku gishushanyo gikurikira ikoresha résistoriste ifite agaciro kamwe kugirango ihuze inzitizi yumurongo wogukwirakwiza kuburyo umuyaga uva mikoro ucamo kabiri uko winjiye muri transformateur ukanyura mubyerekezo bitandukanye unyuze muri coil primaire. Imiyoboro ya magnetiki ihagarikwa neza kandi ntamashanyarazi yinjizwa muri coil ya kabiri, bityo coil ya kabiri itandukanijwe na mikoro.
Nyamara, ibimenyetso biva kuri mikoro biracyajya kumurongo wa terefone (nubwo hari igihombo runaka), kandi ibimenyetso byinjira kumurongo wa terefone biracyajya kuri disikuru (nabyo bifite igihombo runaka), bigatuma itumanaho ryinzira ebyiri kumurongo umwe wa terefone imwe . . Umugozi w'icyuma.
Radiyo iringaniza duplexer isa na duplexer ya terefone, ariko aho gukoresha mikoro, terefone, hamwe ninsinga za terefone, ikoreshwa rya transmitter, imashini yakira, na antene, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo B.
Inzira ya gatatu yo gutandukanya imiyoboro yoherejwe niyakirwa ni ugukuraho kwivanga (SI), bityo ugakuramo ibimenyetso byatanzwe mubimenyetso byakiriwe. Tekinike ya Jamming yakoreshejwe muri radar no gutangaza imyaka mirongo.
Kurugero, mu ntangiriro ya za 1980, Plessy yateje imbere kandi acuruza ibicuruzwa bishingiye ku ndishyi za SI zitwa "Groundsat" kugirango yongereze igice cya kabiri cya duplex analog FM itumanaho rya gisirikare rya FM4-5.
Sisitemu ikora nka duplex yuzuye-umuyoboro umwe usubiramo, ikagura intera ikora ya kimwe cya kabiri cya radiyo ikoreshwa mugace kakazi.
Hariho inyungu ziheruka zo guhagarika kwivanga, cyane cyane bitewe nicyerekezo cyitumanaho rigufi (selile na Wi-Fi), ibyo bigatuma ikibazo cyo guhagarika SI gikemurwa cyane kubera ingufu nke zohereza no kwakira ingufu nyinshi kubakoresha. . Wireless Access and Backhaul Porogaramu 6-8.
Iphone ya Apple (ifashijwe na Qualcomm) twavuga ko ifite ubushobozi bwiza bwa simsiz na LTE kwisi, bushyigikira imirongo 16 ya LTE kuri chip imwe. Ibi bivuze ko SKU ebyiri gusa zigomba kubyazwa umusaruro kugirango zuzuze amasoko ya GSM na CDMA.
Muri porogaramu ya duplex itabangamiwe no kugabana, kwikuramo kwifata birashobora kunoza imikorere ya spekure yemerera kuzamuka no kumanuka kugirango dusangire umutungo umwe 9,10. Tekinike yo kwivanga wenyine irashobora no gukoreshwa mugukora duplexers yihariye ya FDD.
Iseswa ubwaryo ubusanzwe rigizwe n'ibyiciro byinshi. Umuyoboro werekeza hagati ya antenne na transceiver itanga urwego rwa mbere rwo gutandukanya ibimenyetso byanduye kandi byakiriwe. Icya kabiri, igereranya ryinyongera hamwe nibimenyetso bya digitale bikoreshwa mugukuraho urusaku rwimbere rusigaye mubimenyetso byakiriwe. Icyiciro cya mbere gishobora gukoresha antenne itandukanye (nko muri SAFE), transformateur ya Hybrid (yasobanuwe hepfo);
Ikibazo cya antene zitandukanye zimaze gusobanurwa. Kuzenguruka mubisanzwe ni mugufi kuko bakoresha ferromagnetic resonance muri kristu. Ubu buhanga bwa Hybrid, cyangwa amashanyarazi aringaniza (EBI), ni tekinoroji itanga ikizere ishobora kuba umurongo mugari kandi ishobora guhuzwa kuri chip.
Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo gikurikira, igishushanyo mbonera cya antenne yimbere ikoresha igishushanyo mbonera cya antenne ebyiri zifunganye, imwe yo kohereza hamwe niyakirwa, hamwe na buke-buke ariko ikora duplex muyunguruzi. Antenne kugiti cye ntabwo itanga gusa kwigunga kugiciro cyo gutakaza ikwirakwizwa hagati yabo, ariko kandi ifite umuvuduko muke (ariko ushobora guhinduka) mugihe gito.
Antenna yohereza ikora neza gusa mugukwirakwiza imirongo yumurongo, kandi antenne yakira ikora neza gusa mugice cyakiriwe. Muri iki gihe, antenne ubwayo nayo ikora nkayunguruzo: imyuka yoherezwa hanze ya Tx ihujwe na antenne yanduza, kandi kwivanga mu itsinda rya Tx bihuzwa na antene yakira.
Kubwibyo, ubwubatsi busaba antene kugirango ihindurwe, igerwaho hifashishijwe umuyoboro wa antenna. Hano haribintu bimwe bidashobora kwirindwa kwinjiza muri rezo ya antenna. Nyamara, iterambere rya vuba muri capacitori ya MEMS18 yazamuye cyane ubwiza bwibikoresho, bityo bigabanya igihombo. Igihombo cya Rx hafi ya 3 dB, igereranywa nigihombo cyose cya SAW duplexer na switch.
Kwigunga kwa antenne noneho byuzuzanya na filteri ihindagurika, nayo ishingiye kuri capacitori ya MEM3, kugirango igere kuri 25 dB kwigunga kuri antenne na 25 dB kwigunga muyungurura. Prototypes yerekanye ko ibyo bishobora kugerwaho.
Amatsinda menshi yubushakashatsi muri za kaminuza ninganda zirimo gukora ubushakashatsi ku ikoreshwa rya Hybride yo gucapa duplex11-16. Izi gahunda zivanaho SI muburyo bwo kwemerera icyarimwe kwanduza no kwakirwa muri antenne imwe, ariko gutandukanya imashini niyakira. Ni umurongo mugari muri kamere kandi urashobora gushyirwa mubikorwa kuri chip, bigatuma uhitamo uburyo bwiza bwo guhuza inshuro nyinshi mubikoresho bigendanwa.
Iterambere ryakozwe vuba aha ryerekanye ko imiyoboro ya FDD ikoresheje EBI ishobora gukorwa muri CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) hamwe no gutakaza igihombo, ishusho y urusaku, umurongo wakira, hamwe no guhagarika ibiranga guhagarika bikwiranye na selile11,12,13. Nyamara, nkuko ingero nyinshi mubitabo byubumenyi nubumenyi byerekana, hariho imbogamizi yibanze igira ku kwigunga kwa duplex.
Inzitizi ya antenne ya radio ntabwo ikosowe, ariko iratandukana ninshuro zikorwa (kubera antenna resonance) nigihe (kubera imikoranire nibidukikije bihinduka). Ibi bivuze ko impirimbanyi iringaniza igomba guhuza nimpinduka zimpinduka, kandi umurongo wa decoupling wagabanutse kubera impinduka mumurongo wa 13 (reba Ishusho 1).
Ibikorwa byacu muri kaminuza ya Bristol byibanze ku gukora iperereza no gukemura izo mbogamizi zerekana ko kwerekana kohereza / kwakira akato no kwinjiza bishobora kugerwaho mu manza zikoreshwa ku isi.
Kugira ngo tuneshe ihindagurika rya antenne (bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku bwigunge), algorithm yacu yo kurwanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere ikurikirana inzitizi ya antenne mu gihe nyacyo, kandi ibizamini byagaragaje ko imikorere ishobora kugumaho ahantu hatandukanye hafite imbaraga, harimo imikoreshereze y'abakoresha n'imihanda yihuta na gari ya moshi. ingendo.
Byongeye kandi, kugira ngo tuneshe antenne ntarengwa ihuye na domaine yumurongo, bityo twongere umurongo mugari hamwe no kwigunga muri rusange, duhuza duplexer iringaniza amashanyarazi hamwe na SI ikora cyane, ikoresheje transmitter ya kabiri kugirango itange ikimenyetso cyo guhagarika kugirango turusheho kwikuramo kwivanga. (reba Ishusho 2).
Ibisubizo bivuye mu kizamini cyacu birashimishije: iyo bihujwe na EBD, tekinoroji ikora irashobora guteza imbere cyane kohereza no kwakira akato, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3.
Laboratoire yacu ya nyuma ikoresha ibikoresho bigendanwa bidahenze (ibikoresho byongera ingufu za terefone ngendanwa na antene), bigatuma ihagararira ishyirwa mubikorwa rya terefone igendanwa. Byongeye kandi, ibipimo byacu byerekana ko ubu bwoko bwibyiciro bibiri byo kwanga kwivanga bishobora gutanga kwigana duplex isabwa muri bande ya uplink na downlink yumurongo, kabone niyo wakoresha ibikoresho bihenze, byubucuruzi-buke.
Imbaraga z'ikimenyetso igikoresho kigendanwa cyakiriye murwego ntarengwa kigomba kuba 12 byerekana ubunini buri munsi yububasha bwikimenyetso bwohereza. Mugihe cyigihe Duplex (TDD), duplex umuzenguruko ni switch gusa ihuza antenne na transmitter cyangwa imashini yakira, bityo duplexer muri TDD nuburyo bworoshye. Muri FDD, imashini itanga niyakira ikora icyarimwe, kandi duplexer ikoresha muyungurura kugirango itandukanya iyakirwa nikimenyetso gikomeye cyohereza.
Duplexer muri selire ya selire ya FDD itanga> ~ 50 dB kwigunga mumurongo wa uplink kugirango wirinde kurenza urugero uwakiriye hamwe nibimenyetso bya Tx, hamwe na> ~ 50 dB kwigunga mumurongo wamanutse kugirango wirinde kwanduza hanze. Kugabanya ibyakiriwe neza. Muri bande ya Rx, igihombo mugukwirakwiza no kwakira inzira ni nto.
Ibi-gutakaza-bike, ibisabwa-byo kwigunga cyane, aho imirongo itandukanijwe na bike ku ijana gusa, bisaba gushungura-Q gushungura, kugeza ubu birashobora kugerwaho gusa ukoresheje hejuru ya acoustic wave (SAW) cyangwa ibikoresho bya acoustic wave (BAW).
Mugihe ikoranabuhanga rikomeje gutera imbere, hamwe niterambere ahanini bitewe numubare munini wibikoresho bisabwa, imikorere ya bande myinshi bisobanura gutandukanya filteri ya chip duplex kuri buri bande, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya A. Abahindura bose hamwe na ba routers nabo bongera imikorere yinyongera hamwe ibihano byo gukora no gucuruza.
Amaterefone ahendutse kwisi yose ashingiye kubuhanga bugezweho biragoye kuyakora. Ibisubizo bya radio yubatswe bizaba binini cyane, bitakaye kandi bihenze. Ababikora bagomba gukora ibicuruzwa byinshi muburyo butandukanye bwo guhuza imirongo ikenewe mu turere dutandukanye, bigatuma LTE itagira imipaka ku isi igorana. Ubukungu bwikigereranyo bwatumye GSM yiganje biragenda bigorana kubigeraho.
Kwiyongera gukenewe kuri serivise yihuta ya serivise zigendanwa byatumye hashyirwaho imiyoboro ya terefone igendanwa ya 4G mumirongo 50 yumurongo, hamwe nibindi byinshi biza kuko 5G isobanuwe neza kandi ikoreshwa cyane. Bitewe nuburyo bugoye bwa interineti ya RF, ntibishoboka gupfukirana ibyo byose mugikoresho kimwe ukoresheje tekinoroji ya none igezweho, bityo rero birashoboka ko imirongo ya RF ishobora guhindurwa kandi igahinduka.
Byiza, uburyo bushya bwo gukemura ikibazo cya duplex burakenewe, wenda bushingiye kumashusho yungurura cyangwa kwikuramo kwifata, cyangwa guhuriza hamwe byombi.
Mugihe tutaragira uburyo bumwe bwujuje ibyifuzo byinshi byigiciro, ingano, imikorere nubushobozi, ahari ibice bya puzzle bizahurira hamwe kandi bibe mumufuka mumyaka mike.
Tekinoroji nka EBD hamwe no guhagarika SI irashobora gufungura amahirwe yo gukoresha inshuro imwe mubyerekezo byombi icyarimwe, bishobora kuzamura imikorere yimikorere.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-24-2024